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Tris Buffer
5-Fluorocytosine
Cytosine Lithium hexafl uorophosphate: A Techno-commercial
Vinyl Trichlorosilane
(S,S)-2,8-Diazabicyclo[4,3,0]-Nonane profi le
Tert Amyl Alcohol echargeable batteries are em- Therefore, non-aqueous (aprotic) elec- Several other salts are currently be-
1,2,3 Triacetyl-5-Deoxy-D-Ribose ployed in manufacturing electri- trolytes need to be utilised, as they do ing investigated in order to overcome
DIBOC (BOC -Anhydride) Rcity holding devices and con- not contain any labile hydrogen atoms the limitations of LiPF . They could
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sumer electronic products such as lap-
and are thus safer against decomposi-
either work as conducting salt or act
Tert-Butyldimethylsilyl Triflate top, mobile devices; power backup tion. as an additive, improving the general
Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride devices such as inverters and power performance, and include: Lithium
Sunrise Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd. banks; and in electric vehicles (EVs). Due to limited shelf-life, electrolyte bis(oxalato)borate (LIBOB), lithium
16/30, Khetwadi 11th Lane, Mumbai - 400004. solutions must be processed quickly, difl uoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB),
Mob: +91 8369863764 : +91 9821352510 Among all kinds of rechargeable making short transport pathways lithium fl uoroalkylphosphates, lithium
Email: info@sunriselifesciences.in (11) (AD-1) batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) particularly important. Consequently, perchlorate (LiClO ), lithium tetra-
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are the front runners for EV applica- electrolyte producers have established fl uoroborate (LiBF ), lithium hexa-
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tions due to their higher energy densi- themselves in close proximity to cell fl uoroarsenate (LiAsF ), lithium hexa-
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ties (~200-Wh/kg), compared to con- production facilities. In Europe, for fl uorosilicate (LiSiF ), and lithium
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ventional lead-acid batteries (40-Wh/ example, they are mainly in Poland, tetraphenylborate (LiB(C H ) ). Their
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kg) and nickel metal hydride (NMH) Hungary, and the Czech Republic. anions have improved stability against
batteries (80-Wh/kg) at battery pack impurities, and no toxic or explosive
level, and better technological readi- Solvent products form upon decomposition.
ness compared to next-generation re- The solvent is the major volumetric Apart from their performance, their
chargeable batteries. LIBs also surpass component in LIB electrolytes, making synthesis is also less demanding com-
other batteries in terms of energy effi - up at least 80% of the cell. It is the host pared to the standard LiPF .
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ciency, lifespan, and storage space; as for the conducting salt. Solvents are
a result, they are highly sought after in mostly linear or cyclic esters and ethers, Additives
energy-intensive applications including and usually, a combination of different Additives are substances delibe-
storage grids and EVs. organic molecules is chosen to improve rately added to the electrolyte in order
performance. In most cases, ternary to modify its properties so as to improve
Make-up of a LIB systems such as ethyl carbonate (EC), durability, performance and safety. The
A LIB is mainly composed of cathode dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl employed concentrations are rather low
material, anode material, electrolyte carbonate (DEC), are chosen, though (0.5-10%), so as not to alter the overall
and separator, among which electrolyte quaternary systems are also used. character of the solution. Most com-
can be a liquid or polymer, with current mercially used additives are still pro-
LABORATORY FINE CHEMICALS, BIOLOGICAL STAINS & PH INDICATORS PHENYL DICHLOROPHOSPHATE market share of about 90% and 10% Conducting salt prietary and only the compound class
 Azure  Murexide  Sodium Tetraphenyl Borate (CAS NO. 770-12-7) respectively. The main task of the conducting salt is known, but some chemicals cited
 Bromo Thymol Blue  New Methylene Blue  2,3,5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium 4-PHENYL 1-BUTANOL (CAS NO. 3360-41-6) is to provide suffi cient ion conductivity. in literature and by companies include
 Celestin Blue  Nuclear Fast Red Chloride (TTC) 4A-METHYL-1-4-METHANOANTHRACENE The state-of-the-art LIB is com- The best known and state-of-the-art vinylene carbonate (VC), fl uoroethy-
 Brilliant Cresyl Blue  Para Dimethylamino  Zincon -9-10-DIONE (CAS NO. 97804-50-7) posed of a carbonaceous anode, de- example is lithium hexafl uorophos- lene carbonate (FEC), vinyl ethylene
 Bromo Cresol Purple Benzaldehyde  Giemsa Stain 3-BROMO 1-PROPANOL (CAS NO. 627-18-9) posited on a Cu current collector; and phate (LiPF ), which is almost exclu- carbonate (VEC) and biphenyl (BP).
 Bromo Phenol Blue  Phenolphthalein  Leishman Stain 6-FLUORO 2(1H)-QUINOLIN-ONE 6
 Ceric Ammonium Nitrate  Sodium Cobaltinitrite  Wright Stain (CAS NO. 22614-75-1) a LiCoO cathode deposited on an sively used in commercial LIBs, with They can be functionally classifi ed into
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 Methyl Red  Sodium Nitroprusside  Ethyl Violet (4-BROMOBUTOXY) (TERT-BUTYL) Al current collector; between which the incorporation of certain additives. solid electrolyte interface (SEI) mem-
DIMETHYL SILANE
ION PAIR REAGENTS FOR HPLC: (ANHYDROUS & MONOHYDRATE FORM) 4- /5- /6- FLUORO 2(1H)-QUINOLIN-ONE the electrolyte and a separator typi- brane optimizer, overcharge protection
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 1-Hexane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt For HPLC  1-Butane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt For HPLC 1,3-BENZODIOXOLE 4-BROMO cally made of polyvinylidene fl uoride Typically, about 1-tonne of LiPF additive, fl ame retardant additive, addi-
 1-Pentane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt For HPLC  1-Decane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt For HPLC 5-CARBALDEHYDE (PVDF) is placed. can produce about 7-tonnes of electro- tive to improve electrolyte conductiv-
 1-Octane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt For HPLC  1-Heptane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt For HPLC 4-BROMO 1-BUTANOL (CAS NO. 33036-62-3) lyte. ity, and additive to control water and
2-BROMO 3,4-DIHYDROXY BENZALDEHYDE Composition of electrolytes acid content in electrolyte.
2-BROMO 3-HYDROXY The very high redox potential of Li LiPF needs to be produced with a
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 4-METHOXY BENZALDEHYDE does not allow for aqueous (protic) elec- very high purity to avoid unwanted side Limitations of current LIBs
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 Email : tetrachem101@gmail.com would be immediately decomposed. ing in the formation of HF. lytes undergo very complicated de-
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Chemical Weekly January 30, 2024 165

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