Page 191 - CW E-Magazine (21-11-2023)

Special Report Special Report

and oils into fatty acid methyl esters. in PVC. This incorporation of benzyl thesized using castor oil, maleic an- copolymers ranged from 15,809 to tial for drug delivery systems. Castor cating properties make it suitable for
This process involves reacting about ester reduces viscosity, improves ther- hydride, phthalic acid, and isophthalic 38,656, and this range was achieved by oil-based polymers can be tailored to producing bio-based lubricants.
100 pounds (45.4 kg) of oil or fat with mal degradation, minimizes exudation, acid as raw materials through polycon- adjusting the temperature, molar ratio release pharmaceutical compounds at
10 pounds (4.54 kg) of a short-chain and enhances mechanical and chemi- densation. They employed polyamide for between styrene and castor oil maleate, controlled rates, making them invalu- Agriculture
alcohol, typically methanol, in the cal resistance. Importantly, it demon- curing epoxy-cured polyamide thermo and cobalt naphthenate concentration. able for innovative drug formulations. Castor oil-based chemicals have a
presence of a catalyst, often sodium strates comparable performance to setting resins. The epoxy cured place in agriculture as well. They are
hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium DOP-plasticized sheets, indicating its poly(ester amide) thermoset using Applications Polymer production used in the formulation of biopesticides
hydroxide (KOH). This results in the suitability as a PVC co-plasticizer. poly(amido amine) hardener exhibited Castor oil-based chemicals serve as and environmentally friendly crop pro-
production of 100 pounds of biodiesel A series of polyol esters produced from better properties than with the cyclo- Cosmetics and personal care products building blocks for polymers. Polyure- tection products, reducing the environ-
and 10 pounds of glycerine, a sugar castor oil has also been synthesized, aliphatic amine hardener cured sys- Castor oil is a common ingredient thanes, polyamides, and various spe- mental impact of farming practices.
commonly used in the production of and show a notable improvement in tem. In vitro-biodegradation study of in cosmetics and personal care pro- cialty plastics benefi t from the renew-
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Another the thermal stability of PVC blends the poly(ester amide) thermoset using ducts, such as lipsticks, moisturizers, able and sustainable nature of castor Chemicals
study used a mussel shell base as plasticized with it. Moreover, the in- Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus and shampoos. Its natural moisturizing oil. These polymers fi nd applications Sebacic acid is a crucial specialty
a catalyst for economical biodiesel pro- creased molecular weight of these subtilis bacteria revealed superior bio- properties, emollient effect, and hypo- in a wide range of products, from adhe- chemical obtained from castor oil.
duction, achieving a biodiesel yield of castor-oil-based polyol esters leads to degradability of the thermoset using the allergenic nature make it a popular choice sives and coatings, to automotive parts It has applications in the production of
91.17%. Additionally, they found that improved volatility and migration sta- former bacterial strain. Excellent chemi- for skincare and hair care products. and sports equipment. biodegradable plastics, lubricants, and
an impregnated catalyst out performed bility. Another bio-based plasticizer cal resistance against various chemical corrosion inhibitors. Ricinoleic acid
a non-impregnated one. In a separate is created by a two-step esterifi cation media including alkali was observed Pharmaceuticals Lubricants and biofuels is another vital component of castor
investigation, de Moura et al.examined reaction using COFA as a raw mate- for epoxy-poly(amido amine) cured Castor oil is used in the pharma- Castor oil can be processed into bio- oil with a wide range of applications,
the transesterifi cation of hydroxylated rial, resulting in an octanoic ester. This poly(ester amide) resin over epoxy- ceutical industry for its laxative proper- diesel, offering a renewable alternative including the manufacturing of syn-
vegetable oils (castor oil and soybean octanoic ester is used as a co-plasticizer cycloaliphatic amine one. The epoxy- ties. In addition to this traditional use, to conventional fossil fuels. Moreover, thetic resins, plasticizers, and even
oil) into methyl biodiesel using a base/ in PVC to partially replace DOP. PVC poly(amido amine) cured poly(ester ongoing research explores its poten- its high viscosity and natural lubri- biofuels. The extraction and purifi ca-
acid-catalysed process. Optimal condi- sheets incorporating this octanoic ester amide) thermoset thus has the potential
tions for this process involved using 1% exhibit favourable properties such as to be used as surface coating material. Castor oil
w/w sodium hydroxide and a methanol- plasticity, elongation, tensile strength,
to-oil ratio of 6:1 at 60°C for 1.5 hours. exudation rate, chemical resistance, and Copolymers
This method was found to be suitable thermal stability – all attributed to the Recently, there have been reports of Food agriculture Electronics & Textile chemicals Lubricants Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics &
for creating various chemical composi- long carbon chains present in COFA. the synthesis of various castor oil-based Telecommunication Perfumeries
tions of biodiesel. copolymers, including poly(ethylene
Unsaturated polyester resin glycol)-b-poly(11-((2-hydroxyethyl) Surfactants Organic fertilisers insulation Synthetic Jet engine Emollient Shampoos
Plasticizers A partially bio-derived unsaturated thio)undecanoate), and castor oil ma- materials detergents lubricants
Numerous studies have highlighted polyester resin (UPR) has been created leate, methyl methacrylate, and sty-
the broad utilisation of plasticizers de- by combining a highly functionalized rene copolymer. These biodegradable Viscosity reducing Polyurethanes nylon, synthetic aircraft Cathartic Hair tonics
rived from castor oil, including those castor oil product that included castor amphiphilic block copolymers with additives fi bres & resins lubricants
with fl ame-retardant properties origi- oil pentaerythritol glyceride maleates oxidation-responsive properties were
nating from internal plasticizers that (known as Coperma), and petroleum- created through the self-polyconden- Flavourings Polymers for Dyeing agents Lubricating anti-dandruf Lipsticks
contain both phosphorus and 1,3,5-Tris based UPR. This bio-based resin proved sation of 11-((2-hydroxyethyl)thio) electronics & tele grease
communications
(2-hydroxyethyl) cyanuric acid and to be more suitable for liquid molding undecanoic acid initiated by methoxy
diethyl phosphate groups. It has been processes due to its reduced shrinkage PEG, catalysed by Candida antarctica Food packaging Textile fi nishing Hydraulic fl uids Perfumery
observed that the addition of castor-oil- compared to pure UPR. When com- lipase B. In aqueous solutions, these materials antihelmintic products
based fl ame-retardant plasticizers can paring the cured UPR-Coperma resin block copolymers have the capability to
enhance the fl ame resistance of poly- with pure UPR, it exhibited similar self-assemble into nano-sized micelles Laxatives &
vinyl chloride (PVC) materials by facili- or enhanced thermal and mechanical with a low critical micelle concentra- purgative
tating the formation of char residue. properties, particularly at a 10% tion, making them potential candidates
Coperma resin content. However, for dual responsive drug delivery sys-
Additionally, in an effort to par when the Coperma resin content in- tems. Additionally, castor oil maleate Expectorant
tially replace dioctyl phthalate (DOP), creased to 20%, the tensile strength and styrene copolymers were produced
a benzyl ester – derived from dehy- and storage modulus at 35.0 de- through bulk polymerization, using
drated castor oil fatty acid (COFA) creased gradually. In another study benzoyl peroxide and cobalt naphthe- Encapsulants
and benzyl alcohol – is employed as by Pramanik and colleagues, a biode- nate as free-radical initiators and accele
a co-plasticizer in various proportions gradable poly(esteramide) was syn- rators. The molecular weights of these Fig. 2: Main applications for castor oil and its derivatives in India

190 Chemical Weekly November 21, 2023 Chemical Weekly November 21, 2023 191

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